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Old February 26, 2002, 15:24   #31
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:26   #32
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phoenician:

Galleys are large seagoing vessels propelled primarily by oars in battle and equipped with sails for cruising. The Egyptians, Cretans, Byzantines, Arabs, and other ancient peoples all used galleys for both war and trade. However, galleys came to be known as warships. The galley was the standard European battle vessel until the late 16th century, when the sail-powered and more heavily armed galleon began to replace it.
The earliest galleys about which much is known were Greek and Phoenician warships of early classical times. The largest of these were biremes, apparently first introduced by the Phoenicians around 700 BC, who improved upon an Egyptian design. The galley had a narrower underwater hull with a high length to beam ratio. This resulted in a slender and graceful vessel, increasing power and momentum, which was important for ramming.

The Greek galley possessed a single mast with a broad rectangular sail that could be furled. The mast was stowed or lowered when rowing into the wind or in battle. The Greek galley was a true seagoing warship. It typically possessed a bronze-shod ram.

The next evolution in ships was the uniremes. This ship had a single bank of oars, undecked or partially decked. It was fast and graceful, with a high curving stem and stern. In Homeric times the unireme sometimes carried an embolon (a beak or ram).

In the 8th century BC, the bireme was created. Descendant from the unireme, it was about 25m (80') long, with a maximum beam of about 10'. The bireme had 2 banks of oars - hence its name. The Phoenician bireme had a single pole mast with a square sail and steering oars to port and starboard, with two banks of oars staggered on either side of the vessel; the upper bank situated above the lower to permit the oars of the upper bank to clear the rowers below. The vessels used for trade in the Mediterranean were of approximately 30 m (100 ft) in length. Larger Tarshish ships with which they ventured out through the Straits of Gibraltar and up to the Scilly Isles were also built. Phoenician war galleys were low at the bow and high at the stern. They possessed a heavy pointed ram at or below the waterline.

By the 6th century BC trireme were in use. The trireme had 3 banks of oars, and a full spar deck instead of the centre-line gangway of the early bireme. In the 5th century the triremes measured a length of 40 m (125'), a beam of 6 m (20') and a draft of 1 m (3'). They were manned by 200 officers, seamen, and oarsmen (about 85 per side), with a small band of heavily armed marines. The trireme could reach 7 knots under oars.

The trireme had scant room for provisions. It was used for short trips from island to island. Even the largest triremes put into shore and beached, stern first for the night, resuming passage in the morning, weather permitting.

By the time of the Persian Wars (480 BC), the Greeks were also using triremes, galleys with three banks of oars permitted by the employment of an outrigger, the rowers of which sat above and outside of the other two. References to even more banks - ex. the quinquireme - are believed to indicate a ship of very large size but with no more than two or three banks of oars. Their exact design is unknown, but most likely, the oarsmen were arranged in staggered and overlapping layers, with each one pulling his own oar. This arrangement would have maximized the number of oarsmen while keeping the hull narrow for speed.

Quadriremes appeared in the middle of 4th century BC with 4 banks of oars. Quinqueremes appeared soon after. The naval arms race in the eastern Mediterranean resulted in even larger multi-banked ships. Macedonia created an 18-banked craft requiring crews of 1800 men. Ptolemaic Egypt had 20- and 30-banked craft. Ptolemy III had a 40 bank vessel created. It measured over 120 m (400') in length, with 4000 rowers. However, the vessel was never actually used.

Rowers, from the ancient world and into early Roman times, were free crewmen, not slaves. Banks of oars typically represents the number of rowers per oar (especially after triremes).

In Northern Europe, during the early Christian era ships followed Roman designs. War galleys, although they possessed a mast and sail, were basically rowing vessels. Merchant ships were slow, beamy sailing ships designed for cargo capacity rather than speed and maneuverability. Large ships were over 175' long with a beam of 50'. Both types of ships had one mast with a single rectangular sail, and two triangular topsails spread between the yard and masthead, as well as the artemon.

By late Roman times, war galleys had become sharply differentiated from merchant-men by their longer, narrower hulls and prow rams. The wider, deeper hulled merchantmen relied increasingly on the sail and ultimately all-sail vessels came into use. Galleys, however, were not entirely replaced for commerce even in late medieval times. More expensive (because of the larger crews) but more maneuverable, the galley remained the principal ship for peace and war into the High Middle Ages. By the 13th century, Italian galleys were trading in Flanders and England and on the northwest coast of Africa.

A different kind of trireme became the dominant type of late medieval galley. In this type, three oarsmen, each having his own oar, shared the same bench. Instead of piercing the hull along three levels, the oars passed over the wales along the same level in clusters of three. Early modern galleys typically had about 24 banks of oars; their hulls were 36-39 m (120-130 ft) long and just over 6 m (20 ft) wide.

Though the advent of the lateen (fore-and-aft) sail and the stern rudder rendered the galley obsolete for commerce, it retained its military importance into the 16th century. Beginning about 1550, the trireme was replaced by galleys in which four or more oarsmen on the same bench pulled a single large oar. This change accompanied a shift from predominantly free oarsmen to convicts and slaves. Sometimes as many as eight oarsmen were used on each bench. In the Battle of Lepanto (1571), the last great galley fight, some galleys had over 200 oarsmen.
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:27   #33
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Viking:

The well known Viking longship (circa 800 AD) was a low, sturdy, open galley with high bows and sterns and a row of oars down each side. Longships were long and narrow, and of shallow draft, so that they could be beached easily. Like all ships of Northern Europe for nearly five centuries, they were clinker built - that is, constructed of overlapping planks, built with iron nails and caulked with tarred rope - and had a single, large square sail. A single side rudder on the starboard quarter was used for steering. Highly seaworthy, a necessity in rough northern waters, they were limited in warfare, however, and could fight at sea only by running alongside to grapple and board.
Circa 1000 AD, there were basically 3 versions of the long ship. The smallest, with less than 40 rowers is sometimes referred to as the knarr. The typical longship had up to 60 rowers. It was maneuverable and fast; proving most valuable in battle. These ships reached Greenland and America around this time. The largest vessels, the drakkar (or dragon ship) had more than 60 rowers. However, they were never numerous because they were expensive, although formidable in battle. As such they were used mostly by kings.

One of the finest surviving longships is the Gokstad ship found in 1880 beneath a burial mound in southern Norway. Dating from about 900 AD, it measures 25 m (80 ft) long and 5.25 m (17 ft) wide. The Gokstad vessel is built of oak and pine, with a heavy wooden keel and featuring a high, graceful prow and stern, the former having a curved figurehead. Its overlapping planks were nailed together and lashed to 19 ribs and cross members. There were 16 oar holes on each side of the hull and 32 shields mounted one over the next along the gunwales. A huge square, painted sail was carried upon a single mast amidship, whose yard measured 11 m (36 ft) across. The craft was steered by means of a steering oar fixed at the aft end on the starboard side.

To the end of 1200s, the English used clinker-built, single-masted square-rigged descendants of the Viking long ship. To judge from the Bayeux Tapestry, the ships used by William the Conqueror to invade England in 1066 were of this design, except for being partially decked and having a corvus (small castle) at bow and stern. From the corvus soldiers used their bows and arrows against the enemy before they came close enough to board.
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:27   #34
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korean one:

The junk, a sailing vessel used primarily for coastal trade, features a projecting bow and high stern. Junks have been used in eastern Asia for thousands of years.





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Galleass
The galleass, developed in the transition from oar to sail, bristled with guns, including heavy ones on the broadside. Although cumbersome to manoeuvre, it's concentrated fire contributed importantly to victory.
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:40   #35
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Ship of the line
T H E S H I P - O F - T H E - L I N E
T H E M I D - 1 7 T H C E N T U R Y


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WITH THE shift of naval warfare tactics from boarding and melee to a longer-range gun battle in the late-16th Century, refinements of the tactic to amass firepower were needed. The forming of combatants into a long line of battle was the obvious solution. This approach required more powerful guns, more stable firing platforms, as well as sturdy hulls. (The battle-line was to remain as the primary battle fleet tactic until the line-breaking tactic was introduced late in the next century.)



ship-of-the-line

From the mid-century on the large three-decker warships (with three full gun decks) were beginning to join the large European navies and add even more weight to the fleets' broadsides. As the smaller ships were in disadvantage in these exchanges, the warships were divided in the British Admiralty's 1653 Fighting Instructions (which also introduced the line tactic) into six distinct classes according to their sizes and uses:

The ships-of-the-line:


1st Rate - Ships with over 90 guns
Three-deckers, main fleet flagships
2nd Rate - Ships with over 80 guns Three-deckers
3rd Rate - Ships with over 54 guns Two-deckers, the mainstay of battle fleets
The following classes were considered too "weak" to participate in the battle-lines:

4th Rate - Ships with over 38 guns
One-decker frigates, which were developed to a multitude of tasks, to reconnoiter ahead of the main fleet and deliver despatches to and from the fleet leadership, to convoy duty and to privateering.
5th Rate - Ships with over 18 guns
like corvettes, which could also be rowed
6th Rate - Ships with over 6 guns
Small auxiliary and courier vessels for the fleet
Along with the tactics, also the ships developed. In the ship stern construction, one returned to the rounded forms that were discarded a hundred years ago. The earlier method of making the internal decks curve longitudally along with the curvature of the hull outer planking and the wales, protruding bands of thicker planks around the hull, was now surpassed by straight decks, with the gunports breaking the lines of the curved planking and the wales.
The British built their warships to carry a large number of guns and sail deeper than their French adversaries, which, as a consequence, were better gun platforms that could fire their guns in higher seas than the British. In fact, as the French captured English warships for addition to their fleets, they removed many of the guns to make them better sailers and combatants. On the other hand, the French ships' excessive decorations of the most fervent Baroque era tended to severely reduce the seaworthiness of the ships. The French ships were also designed with heavy bow- and stern-chaser armament for fighting galleys in possible windless conditions in the Mediterranean. The Dutch built their warships as relatively lightweighted and shallow-drafted (due to the Dutch geography) which gave them great mobility but also vulnerability in battle.



waist bridging development

The waist, the "bay" between the quarterdeck and forecastle (which had been covered with beams for protection nets in the 16th Century and later with wooden gratings), was bridged along the ship sides by gangways and the remaining opening was spanned by beams on top of which the ship's boats were stored.

As the century came to a close, the high-rising stern with the tall, heavily decorated escutcheon changed into a lower structure that offered better still stability and sail handling.

Already in the beginning of the century, developments to the rigging were forthcoming: The topsail continued to grow in size and eventually exceeded the mainsail in size. With the re-instatement of reefs (first encountered in the 13th Century, they had however disappeared by the early 16th Century) for taking in a portion of sail according to weather conditions, the flexibility of the sails could be increased and in some cases, especially in the mercantile navy, where less crew meant more profit, that led to discarding the topgallant sails and handling only the mainsails and (now-enlargened) topsails.

It is also notable that during this period the "steepness" of the sides of the top- and topgallant sails (ie. the relative size difference between the yards of a mast), gradually lessened, so that the relatively small topgallant sail of the 16th Century grew considerably in size, and the development continued in the next century as well.

The introduction of studding sails (although similar additions had been in use at least a century earlier), bended to special yards that were extended from the ends of main and top yards, gave a possibility to spread an enormous amount of canvas to propel the ship.

Another addition to the arsenal of sails were the staysails around in 1670. These were, accordingly, attached to the stays that supported the masts from the front. First they appeared in stays between the masts and later, as jibs, in stays over bowsprit. The braces and bowlines that crowded the stays and the presence of the top spritsail mast made the adding of staysails difficult, but by the end of the next century the staysails were already occupying every possible stay in a ship.

Phineas Pett's gigantic Sovereign of the Seas (renamed Royal Sovereign after the Restoration) of 1637 not only carried the most complete rigging so far, sporting even the new royal sail, but it also sported 100 cannon on three decks and could have held its own even in the battle formations that amassed to fight in the Revolutionary Wars a century and a half later.

The Sovereign was the first British galleon-type ship with the lower portion of the stern built with rounded lines, whereas the French and Dutch retained the flat sterns until the next century, when both started to use similar rounded lines under the escutcheon.



Dutch fluyt

Also the mercantile shipping improved during the period. The Dutch developed the fluyt (flojt) merchantman, with a hull that was wide at the waterline and tapered sharply as it rose. This approach maximized the cargo capacity, but the tapering hull also meant that the duties, determined by the width of the ship, were less that way...

The merchantmen usually carried a normal complement of sails, with topsails, in the larger ships even topgallants, along with a variety of guns, although their lack of use and the lack of gunnery practice often rendered them more to of nuisance value.

There were of course exceptions. Along with the larger, more heavily armed merchantmen, there were extensively escorted vessels that were not only heavily manned with soldiers but also properly armed, like the fabled Spanish treasure galleons that carried the wealth of the Spanish Caribbean possessions (and from the Philippines) to the king's coffers in home-Spain.


(Era Of The Spanish Galleons - The Story of the Spanish Treasure Fleets)

The Dutch East Indies Company also sent fleets of strongly armed merchantmen to its possessions in the East Indies (Indonesia) to carry back the invaluable crops of spice grown there. The ships departed with large crews because the voyage was long, lasting several months for one leg, and the toll as dead or ill was always heavy. Also defending against pirates or opposing sea powers required more manpower on board. During wartime, these ships doubled as warships.





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Old February 26, 2002, 15:43   #36
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By Paulo Monteiro


Four-deck Portuguese nau, in Manuel Fernandes' Livro de Traças de Carpintaria, 1616, BA

This brief resume is based on a good and very detailed eyewitness account of the fight with the English and the events that led into it, written by Melchior do Estacio do Amaral and printed in 1604.

The 32 gun nau Chagas departed from Goa heading for Portugal in 1593, under the command of Francisco de Mello, one of the "greatest naus that ever were in the Carreira, loaded with great wealthness and precious stones and all the best of India".

The rest of the fleet consisted of the naus Santo Alberto, and Nossa Senhora da Nazareth. Both the Santo Alberto and Nazareth sprung fatal leaks and were beached in the Penedo das Fontes and in Mozambique's Island.

The Chagas took all the cargo in diamonds and other precious gems from the two lost naus as well the 400 passengers and crewmembers, of which 230 were slaves. When they reached the Cape of Good Hope, the nau started to leak and they were forced to send overboard a lot of cargo. Not the diamonds, only the food and victuals.


Chagas may have looked like this scene from Theodore Bry's Voyage au Brésil (1592), Bibliothèque du Service Historique de la Marine, Château de Vincennes

It was this action that, in the end, caused the loss of the Chagas. Since they were not allowed to call either Santa Helena or Brazil, they called Luanda, in Angola, for supplies, where they took more slaves which were, in fact, more mouths to feed. In Angola they faced one of the great perils of the sea: the absence of wind, coupled with scurvy and malaria, from which half of the people were dead and the other half too much debilitated.

Anyhow, some nobles spread the gossip that the supplies would not last until Lisbon. The Captain then took the vote and the majority decided to call the Azores – an action which was also forbidden, because English pirates were bound to be there, waiting for the East Indiamen. The Captain then forced all crew to take an oath: "if finding the enemy, they would rather go down in flames than surrender the ship".

He then prepared the ship for battle. The stern was delivered to Don Rodrigo de Cordova, the bow to Antonio das Povoas and the deck to Braz Correia.


The final battle may have looked like this scene from Theodore Bry's Voyage au Brésil (1592), Bibliothèque du Service Historique de la Marine, Château de Vincennes

On the 22 of June 1594, near Faial Is., the nau sighted 3 English ships, of 400 tons each, with two artillery decks each. At noon all 4 ships exchanged broadsides and musket volleys in a battle that lasted 24 hours. Then, at around noon, the 23rd June, the 3 English ships tried to board the Chagas: "The sea was purple with blood dripping from the scuppers, the decks cluttered with the dead and the fire raging in some parts of the ships, and the air so filled with smoke that, not only we could sometimes not see each other but we could not recognize each other, all black and sooty from the fire and gunpowder."

The battle went on – there's an extensive description of it, a very vivid one – with the English trying to board the ship three times. In the end the fire spread to a tarpaulin and then it spread further to the rigging and the masts. The fire could not be put up because sharpshooters onboard the English ships were taking the Portuguese one by one as they tried to man the pumps.

So, the Portuguese jumped in the water grabbing any floating devices they could but "the English came on aboard some armed boats and the Portuguese were asking for mercy but they were enraged and they speared them cruelly and like butchers they killed all they could reach". Only 13 Portuguese were saved from the wreck that "when the fire reached the gunpowder, in an horrendous blast and raising an enormous smoky cloud" went into smithereens. More than 150 English were killed by the less than 70 feeble Portuguese.


Paulo Alexandre Monteiro
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:49   #37
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Boston Celtics
taran!
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:52   #38
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Turks
one
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:53   #39
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turks 2
two
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:55   #40
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turk 3
tres
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Old February 26, 2002, 15:56   #41
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turk 4
4
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:00   #42
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Celts
celts, I think that is necesary a Iron made unit
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:07   #43
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poles
and 6th Light-horse Lancers Regiments
They wore dark green coats (jackets) with lapels in regimental colors, dark green breeches, short boots and helmet with a crest

The 7th - 9th Chevau-Légers Lanciers Regiment (The Poles and Germans)

The 7th and 8th Light-horse Lancers Regiments were formed from Poles, by conversion of the 1st and 2nd Vistula Uhlan Regiments
They wore their traditional Polish style uniforms

The 9th Light-horse Lancers Regiment was formed by conversion of the 30th Chasseur a Cheval Regiment.
They wore dark green coats (jackets) with lapels in regimental colors, dark green breeches, short boots and helmets



Polish uhlans of the 1st and 2nd Vistula Regiment
were renamed to 7th and 8th Lighthorse-Lancer Regiment in French army
(7e et 8e Chevaux-legere Lanciers) and their best veterans were taken into the Old Guard
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:07   #44
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Quote:
Originally posted by Kickasso
Ok..agree that not only Russians have Gussars - so let they belong to Poland in Civ3


KICK
Oh, sure, you can keep the Gussars - we had Hussars .

Serb: Yeah, never understood why the Russians had Cossacks ...

Wernazuma: Define 'Dragoons' - I'm getting confused here .
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:21   #45
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the mongols
http://207.193.130.111/TheGame/Mongols.htm

is better
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:25   #46
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israel
tara
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:28   #47
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¿Algo mas?

Saludos
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Old February 26, 2002, 16:43   #48
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Re: Re: New UU's
Quote:
Originally posted by Signa
I think the Hewbrew UU should replace the Mech Inf, seeing that the Isrealis were on the defensive most the time during the various conflicts they have been in, and I've never really heard of Isreali heavy armor.
While we werent the agressors in most of the wars(), eventually they were of offensive nature. We didnt wait for the Arabs to attack our fortifications, but attacked them instead. And since the Merkava is the MBT used in these wars, and it's a tank with better defenses than regular tanks i'd say that replacing the Modern Armor is the correct choice.

godinex : What's "tara"?

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Old February 26, 2002, 17:06   #49
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put in music... TAraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa! Ya?
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Old February 27, 2002, 15:53   #50
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Special: Attack bonus against all cavalry, scouts, horse archers and chariots.
Notes: +8 vs. cavalry, cav archers, scouts. +4 vs. chariots.

Unit Name LOS HP Move ROF Range Damage Cost
Camel Rider 4 125 2 1.5 0 6 normal 70f, 60g

The Camel Rider is used by desert civilizations to defend against cavalry attacks because horses fear camels. Camel Riders do not receive a cavalry bonus against infantry. Nobility increases hit points. Toolworking, Metalworking, and Metallurgy increase attack strength. Leather Armor, Scale Armor, and Chain Mail increase armor.

The camel was adopted for military use at a very early date, perhaps before the horse in the Middle East. Camels were particularly useful for moving quickly across the desert wastes and favored by small raiding parties.

They were also used in battle by desert civilizations such as the Assyrians. Riders fought with spears and swords. They could take part in the pursuit of a beaten army, like light cavalry could. They were also useful against cavalry because horses were unaccustomed to the camels’ odor and often refused to come near them.
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Old February 27, 2002, 17:52   #51
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etiopes 2
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Old February 27, 2002, 17:59   #52
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:00   #53
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:15   #54
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:19   #55
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otro
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:20   #56
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another one
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:22   #57
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interesting one
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Old February 27, 2002, 18:31   #58
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otro mas!
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Old March 4, 2002, 15:50   #59
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godinex...your chunkin' up my network connection with all of those pics...thanks

and for the Merkava, Wernazuma, with a 'K' i suggest 24/18/3, and drop the cost 20%. this makes the Merkava just as good a defender as the the mech infantry, and reflects the substantially lower cost compared to the US tanks of today (which i can only egotistically assume is the inspiration for the Modern Armor )

thoughts?
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Old March 18, 2002, 14:11   #60
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Anyone take a look of this thread?
There is no new posts since 1857....
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